Evaluation of vegetables grown in dry mountainous regions for soil transmitted helminths contamination / Avaliação de vegetais para contaminação por helmintos transmitida pelo solo em quatro distritos da divisão de Malakand: noroeste do Paquistão

Infection caused by geo-helminth parasites are called geohelminthiasis are one of the global health problems. Vegetables eaten raw is the principal source of transmission of geo-helminth parasites. Pakistani people believe that eating raw vegetables are a significant source to get important vitamins and minerals. Based on the high incidence of pathogenic parasites and cultivating different vegetable types in the study areas, we conducted this study to evaluate the geo-helminth contamination of raw vegetables in northwest Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This is a descriptive study comprised, 1942 samples of 25 various types of vegetables. The samples were examined in physiological saline solution using sedimentation and centrifugation methods. The findings were analyzed by Graph-Pad version 5. P value less than 0.05 (95% CI) was considered significant. Results showed that 16.5% (n=322) of all vegetables were contaminated with one or more type of geo-helminth parasites. Garlic was the highest (35%) and cauliflower the lowest (4%) contaminated samples respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common geo helminth found followed by hook worm species while Trichuris trichura was the least in all the vegetable samples. Leafy vegetables were highly contaminated 25.3% than vegetables with root parts 21.2% and fruity 9.09%. More than half of the contaminated vegetables were contaminated with single species of geo-helminth (P0.05) species of geo-helminth parasites. Education level of vendors and means of display were not significantly associated while types of vegetable used were significantly associated with the prevalence of parasites. The findings of this study provide evidence that consumption of raw [...].

As infecções causadas por parasitas geo-helmínticos são chamados de geohelmintíases e são um dos problemas de saúde globais. Os vegetais comidos crus são a principal fonte de transmissão dos parasitas geo-helmínticos. O povo paquistanês acredita que comer vegetais crus é uma fonte significativa para obter vitaminas e minerais importantes. Com base na alta incidência de parasitas patogênicos e no cultivo de diferentes tipos de vegetais nas áreas de estudo, conduzimos este estudo para avaliar a contaminação por geo-helmintos de vegetais crus no noroeste de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo composto por 1942 amostras de 25 tipos diversos de vegetais. As amostras foram examinadas em solução salina fisiológica utilizando métodos de sedimentação e centrifugação. Os achados foram analisados pelo Graph-Pad versão 5. O valor de P menor que 0,05 (IC 95%) foi considerado significativo. Os resultados mostraram que 16,5% (n = 322) de todas as hortaliças estavam contaminadas com um ou mais tipos de parasitas geo-helmínticos. O alho foi a amostra mais contaminada (35%) e a couve-flor a menos (4%), respectivamente. Ascaris lumbricoides foi o geo-helmíntico mais comum encontrado, seguido por espécies de verme-anzol, enquanto Trichuris trichura foi o menos encontrado em todas as amostras de vegetais. Os vegetais folhosos foram altamente contaminados 25,3% do que os vegetais com partes de raiz 21,2% e frutados 9,09%. Mais da metade dos vegetais contaminados estavam contaminados com uma única espécie de geo-helmintos (P 0,05) espécies de parasitas geo-helmínticos. O nível de escolaridade dos vendedores e os meios de exibição não [...].

Parasitos zoonóticos em solos de praças públicas no município de Sousa, Paraíba / Zoonotic parasites in soils of public squares in the municipality of Sousa, Paraíba

Os espaços coletivos com grande circulação de pessoas e animais tutelados ou errantes, como as praças públicas, podem gerar um problema para a saúde pública, uma vez que os animais podem eliminar fezes contaminadas por parasitos nesses locais, desempenhando um importante papel epidemiológico na transmissão de zoonoses parasitárias. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a contaminação por parasitos zoonóticos em dez praças públicas da cidade de Sousa, Paraíba, bem como avaliar o melhor método de diagnóstico de infestação ambiental por estes parasitas. Foram feitas coletas de solo em cinco pontos diferentes de cada praça, por raspagem superficial em quadrantes delimitados por 15 cm, sendo coletados 200g da parte central de cada ponto. Os métodos de diagnósticos utilizados foram Flutuação Simples, Sedimentação Simples, Faust e Centrífugo-Flutuação em Solução de Sacarose. Das praças avaliadas, 90% (9/10) obtiveram pelo menos uma amostra positiva. O gênero de parasito mais frequente foi Ancylostoma spp., presente em 70% (7/ 10) das praças analisadas; seguido por Strongyloides spp., coccídeos e Taenia spp., em 40% (4/10); Toxocara spp.,em 30% (3/10); eCystoisospora spp. e Trichuris spp., em 10% (1/10). O método de Sedimentação Simples foi o mais eficaz, resultando em 44% (22/50) de amostras positivas. Os demais métodos não atingiram 15% de positividade. Concluiu-se que as praças públicas analisadas encontram-se altamente infestadas por parasitos zoonóticos, representando um risco a saúde pública no município de Sousa-PB.

Collective spaces with large circulation of people and animals domiciled or wandering, such as public squares, can generate a public health problem, since the animals can eliminate feces contaminated by parasites in these places, playing an important epidemiological role for zoonose transmission. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the contamination by zoonotic parasites in ten public squares of the city of Sousa, Paraíba, as well as to evaluate the best method for the diagnosis of environmental infestation by these parasites. Soil samples were collected at five different points of each square, by surface scraping in quadrants delimited by 15 cm, with 200g of the central part of each point being collected. The diagnostic methods used were Simple Flotation, Simple Sedimentation, Faust and Centrifugal-Fluctuation in Sucrose Solution. At least one positive sample in 90% (9/10) of the evaluated squares. The most frequent parasite genus was Ancylostoma spp., present in 70% (7/10) of the analyzed squares; followed by Strongyloides spp., coccidia and Taenia spp., in 40% (4/10); Toxocara spp., in 30% (3/10); and Cystoisospora spp. and Trichurisspp., in 10% (1/10). The Simple Sedimentation method was the most effective, resulting in 44% (22/50) of positive samples. The other methods did not reach 15% positivity. It was concluded that the analyzed public squares are highly infested by zoonotic parasites, representing a public health risk in the municipality of Sousa-PB.

Prevalência de helmintíases em manipuladores de alimentos de unidades de alimentação e nutrição escolar públicas de Parnaíba, PI / Helminths prevalence in handlers feed units of food and nutrition public school Parnaíba, PI

Identificar a prevalência de helmintíase intestinais em manipuladores de alimentos de unidade de alimentação e nutrição (UAN) de escolas públicas de nível fundamental da área urbana de Parnaíba, PI.

Prevalencia e intensidad de la infección por geohelmintos y prevalencia de la malaria en escolares de El Salvador / Prevalence and intensity of infection by soil-transmitted helminths and prevalence of malaria among schoolchildren in El Salvador

Introducción. El Salvador no cuenta con datos actualizados de prevalencia en menores de 15 años de la infección por helmintos transmitidos por contacto con el suelo. Además, al ser uno de los países en las Américas que reporta un número bajo de casos de malaria, se considera que su eliminación allí es factible. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y la intensidad de la infección por geohelmintos y la prevalencia de Plasmodium spp. en escolares de 8 a 10 años de El Salvador. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal en las cinco zonas eco-epidemiológicas del país (planicie costera, depresión central, cadena volcánica, cadena costera y zona montañosa). La presencia de geohelmintiasis se estudió en 1.325 estudiantes y, la de malaria, en 152. Se utilizó la técnica de Kato-Katz para la detección de geohelmintos, y para el diagnóstico de la malaria, una prueba rápida, el estudio mediante microscopía y la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Resultados. La prevalencia total de geohelmintiasis fue de 7,9 % (IC 95% 6,6-9,5). En la planicie costera fue de 14,9 % (IC 95% 10,9-19,7); en la depresión central, de 9,4 % (IC 95% 6,5-13,3); en la cadena volcánica, de 6,6 % (IC 95% 4,2-10,5); en la cadena costera, de 5,9 % (IC 95% 3,8-9,4), y en la cadena montañosa, de 2,6 % (IC 95% 1,4-5,7). La proporción de infección de gran intensidad debida a cualquiera de las especies de geohelmintos fue de 0,3 %. No se encontraron escolares infectados con Plasmodium spp. Conclusión. La prevalencia de geohelmintos fue baja y la especie más prevalente fue Trichuris trichiura . La intensidad de la infección debida a cualquiera de las especies de geohelmintos fue leve (<1 %). Los factores de riesgo asociados a la infección por geohelmintos fueron la defecación al aire libre, no usar calzado y vivir en la planicie costera.

Introduction: El Salvador does not have recent data on the prevalence of infection with soil-transmitted helminths among children aged under 15 years of age. As one of the countries in the Americas that reports few malaria cases, eradication of this disease from El Salvador is considered to be feasible. Objective: To determine the prevalence and intensity of infection by soil-transmitted helminths, as well as the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in schoolchildren aged 8-10. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in each of the five eco-epidemiological zones of the country (coastal plain, central basin, volcanic range, coastal range and mountain zone). In all 1,325 students we studied the presence of geohelminthiasis, with 152 of them also being tested for malaria. The Kato-Katz technique was used to detect geohelminths while diagnosis of malaria was performed using the rapid diagnostic test, microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. Results: The overall prevalence of geohelminthiasis was 7.9% (95%CI 6.6-9.5%). Values for the five eco-epidemiological zones were as follows: coastal plain, 14.9% (95%CI 10.9-19.7%); central plateau, 9.4% (95%CI 6.5-13.3%); volcanic range, 6.6% (95%CI 4.2-10.5%); coastal range, 5.9% (95%CI 3.8-9.4%), and mountain zone, 2.6% (95%CI 1.4-5.7%). The overall rate of high intensity infection with any of the geohelminth species was 0.3%. No schoolchildren were found infected with Plasmodium spp. by any of the three diagnostic techniques used. Conclusion: Prevalence of geohelminths was low and Trichuris trichiura was the predominant species. Intensity of infection with any of the species of geohelminths was light (<1%). The risk factors associated with infection by soil-transmitted helminths were defecation in the open air, being barefoot and living in coastal areas.

Impact on prevalence of intestinal helminth infection in school children administered with seven annual rounds of diethyl carbamazine (DEC) with albendazole.

Background & objectives: One third of the world’s population is infected with one or more of the most common soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Albendazole (ALB) is being administered with diethyl carbamazine (DEC) in filariasis endemic areas to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) and helminth infections. In this study, the cumulative impact of seven annual rounds of mass drug administrations (MDA) of DEC and ALB on STH infection in school children in selected villages in southern India was determined. Methods: During 2001-2010, seven MDAs were implemented by the Tamil Nadu state health department, India. LF and STH infections were monitored in school children from 18 villages of the two treatment arms (viz, DEC alone and DEC+ALB). Kato-Katz cellophane quantitative thick smear technique was employed to estimate STH infections at three weeks, six months and one year post MDA. Results: Prior to treatment, an overall STH prevalence was 60 per cent. After each MDA, infection markedly reduced at three weeks post-treatment in both the arms. The prevalence increased at six months period, which was maintained up to one year. After seven rounds of MDA, the infection reduced from 60.44 to 12.48 per cent in DEC+ALB arm; while the reduction was negligible in DEC alone arm (58.77 to 52.70%). Interpretation & conclusions: Seven rounds of MDA with DEC+ALB reduced the infection load significantly, and further sustained low level of infection for 10 years. However, complete parasite elimination could not be achieved. To curtail STH infection in the community, MDA should be regularized and environmental sanitation measures need to be improved by effective community-based campaigns.

Eficacia del Albendazol en dosis única sobre las infecciones por helmintos transmitidos por el suelo en escolares de una comunidad de Iquitos, Perú / Efficacy of a single dose of Albendazole for soil-transmitted helminth infections in school children of a village in Iquitos, Perú

Objetivos. Determinar la eficacia en dosis única del albendazol sobre las infecciones por helmintos transmitidos por el suelo (HTS) en escolares de una comunidad de la ciudad de Iquitos en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Dentro del contexto de un ensayo controlado aleatorizado realizado en una comunidad periurbana de escasos recursos, situada en Iquitos, en la Amazonía de Perú, se obtuvieron muestras de heces de escolares del quinto grado de primaria en 18 escuelas y se analizó la prevalencia y la intensidad de HTS. Un total de 1193 escolares fueron desparasitados con albendazol en dosis única (400 mg). De los 909 escolares que fueron encontrados positivos con al menos una infección por HTS, una muestra aleatoria de 385 fue seguida dos semanas más tarde, cuando se recolectó y analizó una segunda muestra de heces. Resultados. La eficacia del albendazol fue satisfactoria para las infecciones por Ascaris lumbricoides con una tasa de reducción de huevos (TRH) de 99,8%; IC 95: 99,3-100 y por anquilostomideos con una TRH de 93,6%, IC 95%: 88,2-96,6 y por Trichuris trichiura con una TRH de 72,7%, IC 95: 58,5-79,1. Conclusiones. Estos resultados son indicativos de niveles satisfactorios de eficacia y son congruentes con datos publicados sobre la eficacia del albendazol y directivas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Futuras investigaciones deben centrarse en mejorar la eficacia de las estrategias de tratamiento para la infección por Trichuris trichiura.

Objectives. To determine the efficacy of single-dose albendazole (400 mg) for soil-transmitted helminth infections (STH) in schoolchildren living in one community of the city of Iquitos, Perú. Materials and methods. Within the context of a randomized controlled trial performed in a peri-urban community of limited resources located in Iquitos in the Peruvian Amazon, stool specimens were collected from Grade 5 schoolchildren in 18 schools and analysed for STH prevalence and intensity. A total of 1,193 school-age children were then dewormed with single-dose albendazole (400 mg). Of the 909 children who were found positive with at least one STH infection, a random sample of 385 was followed two weeks later when a second stool specimen was collected and analyzed. Results. The efficacy of albendazole was satisfactory: for Ascaris lumbricoides , with an egg reduction rate (ERR) of 99.8%; (95% CI: 99.3-100); for hookworm, with an ERR of 93.6 %; (95% CI: 88.2-96.6) and, for Trichuris trichiura, with an ERR of 72.7 %; (95% CI: 58.5-79.1). Conclusions. These results are consistent with previous data published on the efficacy of albendazole and the directives of the World Health Organization. Future research should focus on improving the efficacy of the treatment strategies for Trichuris trichiura infection.

Avaliação epidemiológica de doenças negligenciadas em escolares: filariose linfática e parasitoses intestinais / Epidemiological assessment of neglected diseases in children: lymphatic filariasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência de infecção filarial e de parasitoses intestinais em escolares numa área endêmica de filariose e refletir sobre a opção terapêutica utilizada no Brasil no tratamento coletivo para filariose. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo 508 alunos na faixa etária de 5-18 anos cadastrados em escolas públicas do município de Olinda-PE. Realizou-se a investigação da parasitose intestinal em três amostras de fezes, analisadas pelo método de Hoffmann, Pons e Janer. A investigação filarial foi feita com teste antigênico pela técnica de imunocromatográfica rápida (ICT) e pesquisa de microfilárias, utilizando filtração em membrana de policarbonato. Para análise de dados utilizou-se a estatística descritiva através do programa EpiInfo versão 7. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de filariose por ICT foi de 13,8% e por microfilaremia de 1,2%, enquanto a de parasitoses intestinais foi 64,2%. A concomitância do diagnóstico filarial e de parasitoses intestinais foi de 9,4% e, 31,5% eram isentos de ambas as parasitoses. Entre os indivíduos com parasitoses intestinais, 55% eram monoparasitados e 45% poliparasitados. A presença de geohelmintos ocorreu em 72,5% dos parasitados. No grupo com infecção filarial a ocorrência de geohelmintíase foi de 54,5%. CONCLUSÕES: O diagnóstico simultâneo de infecção filarial e parasitose intestinal, bem como a elevada frequência de geohelmintos justificam uma reavaliação da estratégia terapêutica do tratamento coletivo no programa de filariose no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis and intestinal parasitic infections in school-aged children living in a filariasis endemic area and discuss about the therapeutic regimen adopted in Brazil for the large-scale treatment of filariasis. METHODS: A cross-sectional study including 508 students aged 5-18 years old, enrolled in public schools within the city of Olinda, Pernambuco. The presence of intestinal parasites was analyzed using the Hoffman, Pons and Janer method on 3 stool samples. The diagnosis of filarial infection was performed using the rapid immunochromatographic technique (ICT) for the antigen, and the polycarbonate membrane filtration for the presence of microfilariae. Descriptive statistics of the data was performed using EpiInfo version 7. RESULTS: The prevalence of filariasis was 13.8% by ICT and 1.2% by microfilaraemia, while intestinal parasites were detected in 64.2% of cases. Concurrent diagnosis of filariasis and intestinal parasites was 9.4%, while 31.5% of students were parasite-free. Among individuals with intestinal parasites, 55% had one parasite and 45% had more than one parasite. Geohelminths occurred in 72.5% of the parasited individuals. In the group with filarial infection the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis was 54.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The simultaneous diagnosis of filariasis and intestinal parasites as well as the high frequency of geohelminths justify the need to reevaluate the treatment strategy used in the Brazilian filariasis large-scale treatment program.

Infecciones helmínticas del aparato digestivo: consideraciones actuales / Helminthic infections of the digestive tract: current considerations ingles

Mucho se ha avanzado a escala global en el manejo de las infecciones parasitarias y en particular aquellas producidas por helmintos intestinales; sin embargo, persiste la idea de su relativa inocuidad y fácil manejo, por lo que el presente artículo pretende hacer un breve análisis de la situación actual de las helmintosis que afectan el aparato digestivo y sus vísceras anexas, enfatizando en su negativa influencia sobre el desarrollo humano. El desconocimiento genera mitos y los mitos malas prácticas que pudieran redundar en un aumento de la prevalencia e incidencia de esas infecciones a escala comunitaria.

At the global level, there have being many advances in the management of the parasitical infections and particularly of those caused by intestinal helminthes; nevertheless, the idea of their relative innocuousness and easy management persists and that is why the present article pretends to make a short analysis of the current situation of the helminthic infections affecting the digestive tract and its annexed viscera, emphasizing in its negative influence on the human development. The lack of knowledge generates myths, and myths generate bad practices that might turn out into an increase in the prevalence and incidence of these infections at the communitarian level.

Intestinal helminthiasis among school children in Ilie, Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria

A cross sectional study of intestinal helminthiasis among school pupils was undertaken in three primary schools in Ilie in Olorunda Local Government Area of Osun state in order to determine the prevalence and intensity of helminthic infections. The relationship between intestinal helminths and anthropometric indices and the factors that could favour the infection were also studied. Faecal samples from three hundred and four (304) randomly selected out of the four hundred and seven (407) school children in the study area were collected and analysed with the semi-quantitative Kato Katz technique and concentrated method. The intensity of infection was classified into light; moderate or high according to World Health Organisation (WHO) thresholds. The overall prevalence rate was 52.0 while five species of intestinal helminths were identified. Ascaris lumbricoides (36.2) was the most common; followed by Hookworm (10.5); Schistosoma mansoni (4); Strongyloides stercoralis (0.7) and Hymenolepis nana (0.7). Multiple helminthic infection were recorded with Ascaris -Hookworm (6.58) having the highest prevalence among the children. Female (56.6) were more infected than male (46.4) and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.0019). Seventeen percent (17) of the children were below the third percentile for weight (wasted) while fourteen percent (14) were below the third percentile for height (stunted). There was a relationship between intensity of infection and wasting since there were fewer underweight pupils (13) with normal stool than those moderately infected (35) (P0.05). There was statistically significant association between type of latrine use and prevalence of infection; and also between water treatment and infection. Periodic surveillance of school children for intestinal helminthiasis should be part of the public health activities while periodic deworming programme should be done routinely as this would reduce intensity of intestinal worm infection among school children

Enteroparasite contamination in peridomiciliar soils of two indigenous territories, State of Paraná, southern Brazil / Contaminación por enteroparásitos en el suelo peridomiciliar de dos territorios indígenas del estado de Paraná, en el sur del Brasil

OBJECTIVES: To determine 1) the degree of soil contamination by parasites; 2) the prevalence of contaminated samples; 3) the overall number of parasitic forms, by distance between the collection site and the domicile; 4) the mean number of parasite forms per peri-household area; and 5) the variables associated with the total number of parasite forms. METHODS: Soil samples were collected in the peridomicile of 18 (out of a total sample of 63) and 22 (out of 190) residences of the Faxinal and Ivaí indigenous territories (ITs), respectively, from March 2005 through October 2006, and evaluated by the methods of Baermann, modified Faust et al., and Lutz. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of samples contaminated by enteroparasites of humans or of animals with zoonotic potential was 75.7 percent (84 out of 111) in Faxinal and 96.2 percent (127 out of 132) in Ivaí. The most prevalent parasites were Ascaris spp., Isospora spp., and Toxocara spp. Positive statistical associations were observed between the number of parasitic forms per domicile and the following variables: time of year (season), the presence of bathrooms in the domicile, and the presence of excrement on peridomiciliar soil. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of soil contamination in Faxinal and Ivaí 1) constitutes a potential source of parasitic infection and 2) suggests that the treatment of human and animal excreta continues to be inadequate.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar: 1) el grado de contaminación parasitaria del suelo; 2) la prevalencia de muestras contaminadas; 3) el número general de formas parasitarias, en función de la distancia entre el sitio donde se tomaron las muestras y el domicilio; 4) el número promedio de formas parasitarias por área peridomiciliar y 5) las variables relacionadas con el número total de formas parasitarias. MÉTODOS: Se recogieron muestras del suelo de los alrededores de 18 (de una muestra total de 63) y 22 domicilios (de una muestra total de 190) situados en los territorios indígenas Faxinal e Ivaí, respectivamente, entre marzo del 2005 y octubre del 2006. Las muestras se evaluaron mediante los métodos propuestos por Baermann, Faust et al. (modificado) y Lutz. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia general de las muestras contaminadas por enteroparásitos humanos o animales que se consideraron de potencial zoonótico fue de 75,7 por ciento (84 de 111) en Faxinal y de 96,2 por ciento (127 de 132) en Ivaí. Las especies de parásitos más prevalentes fueron Ascaris, Isospora y Toxocara. Se observó una asociación estadística positiva entre el número de formas parasitarias halladas en los alrededores de cada domicilio y las siguientes variables: la época del año (estación), la existencia de baños domiciliarios y el hallazgo de excremento en el suelo peridomiciliar. CONCLUSIONES: La gran contaminación del suelo hallada en Faxinal e Ivaí constituye una posible fuente de infección parasitaria e indica que sigue siendo insuficiente el tratamiento de los excrementos de seres humanos y animales.

Current Status of Intestinal Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis among Primary School Children in Adwa Town; Northern Ethiopia

Background: Epidemiological baseline information on the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections in a given locality is a prerequisite for development and evaluation of sound control strategies. Objective: To determine the current status of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among primary school children in Adwa Town; northern Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in eight primary schools in Adwa Town between October and November 2007. Fecal samples of 386 school children in the age group 7-18 were collected and microscopically examined using the Kato-Katz and formol-ether concentration methods. A questionnaire was used to identify determinants for Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminth infections. Results: The most prevalent intestinal parasitic infection among primary school children in Adwa Town as determined by Kato-Katz (58.7) and formol ether concentration (60.6) methods was intestinal schistosomiasis; with an overall intensity of 95.8 eggs per gram of stool. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection was higher in males (70.7) than in females (57); as determined by both methods. Less common parasites observed included Ascaris lumbricoides; hookworm species; Hymenolepis nana; Strongyloides stercoralis; and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar. Conclusion: The residents of Adwa Town represent a high-risk community with respect to intestinal schistosomiasis. Hence; mass praziquantel administration to school-age children and all adults considered to be at risk is required once a year until the level of infection falls below the level of public health importance. There is also a need to supplement chemotherapy with other measures such as environmental sanitation and health education to make the impact of chemotherapy sustainable. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2010;24(3):191-197]

Anthropogenic indices of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among children in delta state, Southern Nigeria

The prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth infections and the anthropogenic risk factors of 978 randomly selected primary school children from Igbede community in Isoko South Local Government Area of Delta State Southern Nigeria were evaluated. Subjects were screened for the presence of STH using direct smear method and kato-katz techniques. This study was conducted between April and December, 2007 and comprised of 516 [52.76%] males and 462 [47.24%] females between the age of 5 and 13 years. Nine hundred and seven [92.745] of the subjects were infected by soil-transmitted helminthes [STH]. The overall prevalence by species was Ascaris lumbricoides [76.89%], Hookworm [54.60%] and Trichuris Trichiura [29.245]. Three hundred and eight two [39.40%] were infected with two or more STH. The prevalence and intensity of all species of STH significantly varied with age [P<0.05], with highest prevalence in age group 5-7 years. The sex related prevalence showed that males were more infected for all species of STH than females, but this was only statistically significant for hookworm [P<0.05]. multiple logistic regression analysis for the epidemiological variable showed that walking barefoot was the only risk factor for hookworm infection while licking of fingers as well as drinking from well and surface tank was risk factors for A. lumbricoides and t. trichiura infections. Considering the high prevalence of STH observed from this study, establishment of sustainable and regular deworming programme in the community coupled with health education messages on good hygienic practices are highly essential

Tendencia y Prevalencia de las Geohelmintiasis en La Virgen, Colombia 1995-2005 / Soil-transmitted helminth trends and prevalence in La Virgen, Colombia 1995-2005

Objetivos:Describir la tendencia de la prevalencia de las geohelmintiasis en los menores de 15 años en La Virgen, Cundinamarca desde 1995 al 2005. Métodos:Se realizaron tres muestras no aleatorias de escolares entre 0 y 15 años de edad, en los años 1995, 2001 y 2005. En los tres cortes se midió la infección por parásitos intestinales mediante examen directo y la técnica de concentración de Ritchie-Frick modificado. Se analizó la distribución del parasitismo intestinal y se describió la tendencia desde 1995 hasta el 2005. Resultados:La prevalencia del parasitismo intestinal en los menores de 5 años pasó de 62,5 por ciento en 1995 a 69,0 por ciento en el 2005; la geohelmintiasis en este grupo de edad era de 37,5 por ciento en 1995, 23,6 por ciento en el 2001 y 27,6 por ciento en el 2005. Para los mayores de 5 años, la prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal pasó de 86,2 por ciento en 1995 a 89,1 por ciento el 2005 y para las geohelmintiasis de 62,9 por ciento en 1995, 39,8 por ciento en el 2001 y 23,9 por ciento en el 2005. Conclusiones: Se encontró que en esta región las geohelmintiasis son endemicas y presentan prevalencias altas en el periodo de estudio. Se insiste en la necesidad de diseñar medidas efectivas de control para todos los niños en edad preescolar y escolar.

Objective:Describing soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence and trends in children aged less than 15 in the village of La Virgen, Cundinamarca. Methods:Three non-random surveys were carried out on school-children aged 0 to 15 years. Intestinal parasitism was determined In the three cross-sectional studies by direct examination of fecal samples and modified Ritchie-Frick concentration method. Intestinal parasitism distribution was analysed and the trend during 1995-2005 described. Results:The prevalence of intestinal parasitism in children aged less than 5 increased from 62,5 percent in 1995 to 66,7 percent in 2001 and to 69 percent in 2005; soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence in this age group was 37,5 percent in 1995, 23,6 percent in 2001 and 27,6 percent in 2005. The prevalence of intestinal parasitism for children aged over 5 increased from 86,2 percent in 1995 to 89,1 percent in 2005; soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence was 62,9 percent in 1995, 39,8 percent in 2001 and 23,9 percent in 2005. Conclusions: Soil-transmitted helminthiasis was endemic and presented high prevalence during the study period. Effective control measures are needed to prevent intestinal parasitism in pre-school and schoolchildren.

Reuso de águas residuárias e a transmissäo de helmintíases no município de Säo Paulo, Brasil / Wastewater reuse and helmintíasis transmission at the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil

O reuso de águas residuárias nas áreas urbanas como no Município de Säo Paulo é uma alternativa necessária para conservaçäo da Bacia Hidrográfica da Bacia do Alto Tietê em termos de qualidade e quantidade das águas destinadas aos usos múltiplos. Para o reuso de água residuárias na área urbana é importante o monitoramento e controle de agentes patógenos, além de se estabelecer padröes de qualidade de águas residuárias próprios de cada regiäo em funçäo da possibilidade de ocorrência de endemias e epidemias, e do controle de compostos químicos, toxicológicos e carcinogênicos. Detectar a presença de helminto intestinal humano nas águas residuárias de uma estaçäo de tratamento de esgotos. Empregou-se a técnica de centrifugaçäo e flotaçäo com soluçäo de sulfato de zinco à 33 por cento (dentidade 1,18). Foram identificados e quantificados vários ovos de helmintos. Os indicadores parasitológicos estabelecidos foram Ascaris sp, Enterobius vermiculares, Hymenolepis sp e Strongyloides sp. O risco sanitário do reuso de águas residuárias no município de Säo Paulo deve ser considerado, exigindo o planejamento e a adoçäo de medidas de controle para o reuso seguro em relaçäo à presença de ovos de helmintos, e de outros agentes patógenos täo resistentes como os cistos de protozoários. Portanto, esses agentes devem ser avaliados para servirem de indicadores sanitários e de patogenicidade, juntamente com os ovos de helmintos. Também, a presença de substâncias químicas, de metais pesados, de substâncias tóxicas e carcinogênicas devem ser consideradas

Helmintoses com relevância em saúde pública, transmissíveis através da água e dos alimentos / Helminthiasis concerning Public Health, transmissible through water and food

Revisa as helmintoses de importância em Saúde Pública, transmissíveis através da água e dos alimentos, dando ênfase aos riscos e perigos que poderäo causar à saúde humana, assim como as medidas profiláticas que devem ser tomadas para a diminuiçäo da incidência das mesmas na populaçäo.

Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the city of Portoviejo (Ecuador)

We studied the stool samples of 151 school children in a district of the city of Portoviejo (Ecuador) in order to determine the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) and their relationships with anthropometric indices. The samples were analyzed with the semiquantitative Kato-Katz technique and the intensity of infections was categorized as light, moderate or high according to the thresholds set by the World Health Organization. Prevalence of soil transmitted helmintiasis was 65 percent (92 out of 141 collected samples), Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common STH (63 percent) followed by Trichuris trichiura (10 percent) and hookworm (1.4 percent). Heavy intensity infections were found in 8.5 percent of the stool samples, with T. trichiura showing higher worm burdens than A. lumbricoides. Sixteen percent of the children were below the third percentile for weight (wasted), while 27 percent were below the third percentile for height (stunted). A significant relationship was found between the worm burden and the degree of stunting. This study suggests that the periodic administration of an antihelminthic drug should be targeted to preschool and school children to allow a normal growth spurt and prevent stunting